Lord of the Flies Notes by William Golding Essay

The Setting A deserted island which is describe as a tropical paradise, and with a scar, a lagoon and a beach. It was shown by the appearance that the island was presented as beautiful as the garden of Eden. On the other hand, evilness and danger were hindered and were shown through different sentence throughout the chapters. B.The Plot †¢Exposition (Conflicts, confrontation, chaos) In the middle of a war, a plane with a group of British schoolboys was shot down over a deserted island. Two boys, Ralph and Piggy, found a conch shell, and Piggy suggested that it could be used as a horn to call for the other boys. Once all the boys were there, they decided to elect a leader. They chose Ralph as their leader, and Ralph appointed Jack to be in charge of the choir boys who would be hunting for food. Ralph thinks that they must light a fire by using Piggy’s glasses so to attract the attention of passing ships, hoping that someone would see the fire and save them. The boys succeed in making a fire, but it burned down quickly because no one was watching the fire. Jack thinks that Ralph shouldn’t be the leader and Jack forms a new tribe. †¢Climax The boys thought that there was a beast in a cave on the island, and none of them dared to go in to find out who or what the beast actually was. Simon was brave, and he found out that the true identity of the beast was actually a dead parachutist. He planned to run down to the beach to tell the rest of the boys, but he ran into the middle of Jack’s tribe’s gathering and they thought that Simon was the beast. They ended up killing Simon. The next morning, Piggy realized that Jack’s tribe had stolen his glasses, so Ralph and Piggy went to find Jack’s tribe and ask for the glasses back. But they refused and Roger rolled a boulder down a mountain and killed Piggy. †¢Resolution Ralph knew that Jack’s tribe would be finding him, hunting him down. So Jack told his tribe to light the entire forest with fire to scare Ralph out of his hiding place. When Ralph saw the fire, he immediately ran towards the beach and fell down because he was tired. Ralph looked up and saw a British naval officer. Ralph cries in the end because of his loss. C.The Characters Ralph One of the main characters / main protagonist Elected leader He was responsible of the well-being of all the other boys in the story ï  µHe the one and only boy who could still remain civilized and rational at the end of the story Piggy The smart one/ the most intelligent one His glasses is the key to making the fire Made fun of because of his weight and outlook The outsider Was killed by the stone Jack Leader of choir boys / hunters Main antagonist Longs for total power He is rival to Ralph and eventually declares himself as the chief Simon Knows the true identity of the beast Was killed Oddball of the group Roger and Maurice The hangman of Jack’s tribe Roger’s Jack’s lieutenant who has a sadistic streak. Maurice was Roger’s henchman Kills Piggy Same and Eric / Samneric Twins Loyal Seemed to be the boys who† breathed together† and â€Å"grinned together† D.The Themes Civilization V.S. Slavery Ralph (Order) V.S. Jack (Wanting for power) Civilized, mannered, English boys V.S. Brutal, wild Loss of Innocence Boys were supposed to be innocent, but they were brutal Crowd Mentality Good and evil The conch group V.S the savages The boys V.S terrifying beast Attemps at rescue from a passing ship V.S imprisonment on the increasingly chaotic island E.Read the Introduction and answer the following questions: 1.How was the novel inspired by Coral Island? Both stories’ plots are about boys being stranded on a deserted island. In â€Å"Coral Island†, the author, R. M. Ballantyne, wrote his perspective of what British boys would do if they were stranded on an island. In the story, the three boys worked together. They built huts, hunted for food and explored the island. They were at first, primitive cast mates, but then evolved into civilized people. â€Å"Lord of the Flies† was inspired by the plot and idea of boys being stranded on an island, but William Golding wrote his own perspective of how he thought a group of civilized boys would react to being stranded on a deserted island. The difference is that in â€Å"Coral Island†, the boys became civilized people while in â€Å"Lord of the Flies†, the civilized boys became â€Å"monsters†. 2.Briefly describe the three parts of the novel For the first part, it’s mainly the background of how the boys got stranded  on the island and the election of their leader – Ralph. Ralph thinks that they should start a fire to get the attention of passing ships in order to rescue them from the island. The second part is mainly about Jack forming a tribe against Ralph and them killing Simon because they thought that he was the beast. But actually, Simon knew that the beast was actually a dead soldier, but he was killed because Jack’s tribe thought that he was the beast. The third part is mainly about how Jack’s tribe stole Piggy’s glasses to start the fire and how Roger rolled a boulder down the mountain, killing Piggy. And about how Jack’s tribe tried to kill Ralph by setting fire to the entire forest, but Ralph was rescued by a British Naval officer. 3.Briefly comment on the style in which the novel is written The author wrote the story in a very straight forward style. There weren’t too lengthy descriptions. The characters and objects in the story have symbolic meanings that show us the main theme of the story. This story is based on the author’s real – life experience with the cruelty and brutality of World War II.

Giving Universities the Business Essay - 1444 Words

Giving Universities the Business The business of America is business. Calvin Coolidge To talk in public, to think in solitude, to read and to hear, to inquire and answer inquiries, is the business of a scholar. Samuel Johnson In the last ten years there has been a concerted movement in this country to re-design schools according to the Business Model--a movement which has recently gained an apparently unstoppable momentum. We hear continually of the universitys need to open up new markets, to learn new ways to compete and create new customer bases; simultaneously, we are bombarded with demands from the politicians and administrators who control our public funds to increase our productivity and accountability. (1)†¦show more content†¦(2) The implicit assumption of this and similar reports was that, left on their own, scholars had turned American education into doctrinaire trivia, and that University faculties particularly were, as a now infamous editorial in the Wall Street Journal put it, a new leisure class which needed the firm hand and clear vision of the business community to put things right. How to refute this? During the period which this camp claims saw the wholesale deterioration of American education, American universities developed and grew like never before and American graduate schools became the envy of the entire world. But even more specifically, hasty calculation will reveal that a professor teaching 4/4 must work 60 hour weeks (and thats figured over a 50 week year). (3) There may be lazy communities out there, but the university aint one of them. Which brings us to the Times Are Tough argument. My response to this is simple: when have times not been tough? 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Shakespeares Jealous Husbands - 908 Words

Response to Shakespeare’s Jealous Husbands: Othello and Leontes In Shakespeare’s Jealous Husbands: Othello and Leontes by Paul Dean is a play that dramatized the comparison on how Jealousy in Othello with Jealousy in Shakespeare’s late romance The Winter’s Tale, serves as a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change for further action. Shakespeare’s ideas about jealousy came from a variety of literary and cultural traditions, beginning with narrative of the Fall as he read it in the Book of Genesis and as he saw it in the medieval mystery plays still being performed during his adolescence. Jealousy is a leading motive in this story in the form of ‘‘covetousness, because†¦show more content†¦Moreover, all the mystery plays stress the contrast between Lucifer’s original brightness and beauty and the hellish blackness of his fallen appearance, a detail which we might remember when we hear Iago say that Cassio ‘‘h ath a daily beauty in his life and that makes me ugly’’ (Taylor.20). In addition, there is no such secure moral framework in Othello, because Shakespeare complicates our reactions by making his jealous husband a figure of some nobility and dignity, pitiable rather than contemptible in his blindness. None of the central figures of those domestic tragedies could call themselves ‘an honorable murderer’ as Othello does. This paradox is not completely implausible, for the reason he gives: ‘‘naught I did in hate, but all in honor’’ (Groves.293). 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Mcdonald s The Largest Fast Food Restaurant Essay

McDonald’s Our whole concept was based on speed, lower prices and volume. A guy comes in; you ask him what he wants on his burgers; he says, I got to go back to the car to ask my wife. Wouldn t work. Mr McDonald McDonald’s is the largest fast food restaurant in the world both in terms of customers served and revenue generated. McDonald’s is a chain of fast food restaurants that was established by two brothers called Richard and Maurice McDonald. The two brothers opened their first restaurant up in California in 1940. A few years later a man called Ray Kroc visited the brother’s restaurant and was very fascinated by how efficient the brothers operation was that he pitched his vision of creating McDonald’s restaurants across the U.S. Kroc noticed that the brothers had a limited menu that concentrated on just a few items. The brothers had 25 items on their menu. In 1955, Kroc founded the McDonald’s system. Six years later he bought the exclusive rights to the McDonald’s name. Ray Kroc’s vision was to build a restaurant system that would be famous for providing consistent high quality food and consistent methods for preparation. Basically he wanted the food in one restaurant to taste the exact same in another restaurant. To attain his vision, he chose a unique path: persuading both franchisees and suppliers to buy into his vision. Kroc’s motto was â€Å"quality, service, cleanliness and value†. Due to this motto, customers know exactly what to expect when they walkShow MoreRelatedMcdonald s Restaurant : The World Largest Hub For The Fast Food Sector1718 Words   |  7 PagesMcDonald’s Restaurant is the world largest hub for the fast food sector. I am working as an assistant manager. In this report, I will be evaluating the effectiveness of the use of management information system in the McDonald’s Restaurant. Background: McDonald’s is the one of the leading fast food restaurant chains all over the world. This company firstly opened in San Bernardino, California in 1940 as a barbecue shop owned by two brothers, Richard and Maurice. After opening the restaurant they startedRead MoreMcdonald s Corporation : The World s Largest Chain Of Fast Food Restaurants Essay1600 Words   |  7 PagesCorporation is the world’s largest chain of fast food restaurant, serving nearly 69 million customers daily through more than 36,538 restaurants in 119 countries worldwide (McDonald s, n.d.). McDonald’s is one of the most valuable brands, worth more than $25 billion. The business began in 1940, with a barbecue restaurant opened by brothers Dick and Mac McDonald in San Bernardino, California. The present corporation dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray Kroc in Des PlainesRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Mcdonald s The World s Largest Chain Of Hamburger Fast Food Restaurants1014 Words   |  5 Pages Tiffany SFB1 McDonald’s is the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving around 68 million customers daily in 119 countries across 35,000 outlets. This company has joined the CSR program and be more socially responsible such as doing charity,promoting healthy eating and improving sporting opportunities in some local school. Some people believe that this attempt is beneficial for such a firm. Therefore, I partly agree with this statement. 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I am the manager of a restaurant, I plan to affiliate a western fast food restaurant. so, I have to investigate the attitudes toward western fast food restaurants in Xi an city. Among most western restaurants, the KFC, the McDonalds and the Pizzahut. Therefore, I decide to carry on the market survey. 2. The background and history of the three companies. KFC Corporation (KFC), founded and also known as Kentucky

Mesopotamia and China Free Essays

Although Mesopotamia and China had similarities in politics, economics, social organization, and religion between 8000 BCE – 600 CE, they also had differences. Both Mesopotamia and China followed the same pattern to state and empire building (Supanick, Notes 2012). They both also had agricultural and trade societies (Supanick, Notes 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Mesopotamia and China or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both also had social inequities and were both polytheistic (Supanick, Notes 2012). They also had important differences, Mesopotamia’s empires were replaced by outside groups as in China’s empires being replaced by other chinese (Supanick, Notes 2012). Also, Mesopotamia had a lot of long distance trade, while China trade more internally, with the exception of the Han (Supanick, Notes 2012). They also had differences in their social stratification, Mesopotamia had a major priest class. China had one but is was not important as the one in Mesopotamia (Supanick, Notes 2012). Religiously, China had a diversity in religion, as in Mesopotamia’s one religion (Supanick, Notes 2012). China and Mesopotamia had many political similarities. Both civilizations were threatened by invaders. Mesopotamia was threatened by many invaders that sometimes conquered and established empires in the area, like the Assyrians and Babylonians. The biggest invaders of China were the Xiongu, a nomadic group from the north. Both were invaded for many reasons. One reason was the invaders were trying to expand and/or conquer. Also, the geography of the areas predisposed invasion. Another political similarity was the type of government, which was monarchy. Mesopotamia had many different leaders, the first was Sargon, followed by Hammurabi. China also many leaders, the emperor at the height of the Han was Wudi. Monarchs arose in Mesopotamia and China because peoples were seeking protection and power. A final political similarity was the order of state and empire building. Both China and Mesopotamia followed this order: Rise of Agriculture to Villages to City-States to Kingdoms to Empires. Both civilizations followed this pattern because of population growth, that allowed them to expand and grow. Mesopotamia and China also had political differences. Both civilizations had many different empires, however Mesopotamia had more than China. Mesopotamia empires were being replaced frequently, as in China empires lasted longer. Mesopotamia had many empires coming in and replacing each other. Sargon and the Akkadians were the first, then Hammurabi and the Babylonians, then the Assyrians, and then Nebuchadnezzar and the Babylonians. While China only had the Qin, that was later replaced by the Han. This difference occurs because Mesopotamia had many invaders and the geography made them open for invasion, as in China they didn’t have to worry about many invaders and had protection by having parts of the great wall to protect them. Another political difference is the groups of people who conquered the empires. In Mesopotamia, their empire were conquered by external invaders, as in China their empires were conquered by other chinese civilizations. In Mesopotamia, the Babylonians were conquered by the Assyrians, an external invader. In China, the Qin empire eventually replaced with the Han, a chinese civilization. Like other differences this happens because of invaders and geography. Mesopotamia has many invaders and is open to invasion while China is composed of many neighboring chinese civilizations protected by some parts of great wall and only have some invaders. Not only does Mesopotamia and China have political similarities they also have economic similarities. One economic similarity is their mode of production which is Agriculture and Trade. Mesopotamia did a lot of trade and farming, they farmed wheat and barely. China grew rice and millet and trade mostly internally until the Han and the Silk Road. Both civilizations were agricultural and trade societies because their geography allowed them to farm and trade easily. Another economic similarity is agricultural technologies. Both civilizations created many ways to make farming easier. They both made irrigation systems and agricultural tools like the wheel. They both created new technologies to make farming easier and more productive. Mesopotamia and China also had economic differences. Mesopotamia and China did not always traded long distances. Mesopotamia traded long distances, unlike the chinese who only traded internally. Mesopotamia and China traded to get things they couldn’t, but China only traded internally because they were ethnocentric. They thought they were superior to others and would be thought as soiled if they were dealing with foreigners. However, when the Han took over China they established the Silk Road that they traded long distantly on. Another economic difference is what they grew. China grew rice and millet, while Mesopotamia grew wheat and barely. This difference occurs because of their geography and climate. Mesopotamia’s geography and climate was favorable to wheat and barely, while China’s was favorable to rice and millet. Mesopotamia and China also had social similarities. Both civilizations had major inequities in society. China’s stratification was: Emperor, Nobles, Peasants, and Merchants. Mesopotamia’s stratification was: Emperor, Priest, Nobles, Artisan, Peasants/Slaves. The upper class in both societies made up about 5% of the population while the peasants and slaves made up 95% of it. However the upper class got 95% of the wealth, while the peasants and slaves got 5% of it. This occurred because people with power were not interested in sharing and didn’t care for those below them. Another similarity is the Emperor was the all powerful leader. How to cite Mesopotamia and China, Essay examples

Heart of Darkness11 Essay Example For Students

Heart of Darkness11 Essay It is often said that when considering a work of great literature, the title of such work can be just as important as the context of the story. Authors time and again wait until they have completed the context of their work to give it a title as to make sure this chosen title is the best possible representation of their work. Stated equally as often is that the significance of some of these titles is easy to recognize while in other titles, the significance is only developed gradually. The latter is the case for Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness. The author implements the literary devices of contrast, repetition and point of view to successfully convey the meaning and symbolism of his title. At first read through the short book, one may perceive the heart of darkness to simply be the wilderness in the center of Africa into which Marlow is headed. This in not incorrect, however the meaning of the title is multi-faceted, moving and morphing into other parts of its meaning as the story moves on. Under further scrutiny, the reader will notice Conrads drastic use of contrast. The contrasts include that between light and dark in the grove of death, black and white of the people, ultimately between civilization and the uncivilized wilderness these men are there to colonize. A distinct barrier is set around this uncivilized are as some deep, dark, brooding place where all bad part of humanity can stir. From this, the reader can establish that a second meaning on the heart of darkness referred to in the title is that out of civilized society, man is believed to live in some hellish arena, in this immense darkness. Further showing this meaning as well as bringing in another is Conrads use of repetition in his book. The most noticeable repetition in the book is the use of the title or some close variation of it to describe certain places, events, and people. The use of such phrases when describing parts of the wilderness or those things in nature only reassured the previous meaning. The use of such phrases when referring to people, such as the cry of the natives and in certain references to Kurtz implies another, rather startling meaning: that the heart of darkness in not a part of the world, something someone can visit and touch and explain to other people; rather, this heart of darkness is something inside people. One may take this only to mean the savage people in the wilderness, surrounding Kurts Inner Station but there is more, which extends to all man. This is most clearly seen in the closing moments of the tale when the reader is returned to the boat from whence the story began. The tale is now over of Marlows enlightenment in the center of the world, but the journey that these men are on is not completed. As the tale is told, the men notice that Marlow has been talking all night and the dawn is now approaching, however with a dark, overcast sky. This darkness cast over the water ahead of them makes it seem as though they, too, are traveling into some immense darkness. These men are not free of that darkness, and neither is anyone else. Deep down, even human has a part of some greater savagery that is inescapable and even more incomprehensible. The point of view in which the context of the short novel is conveyed is also important to the reader in establishing a meaning for the title. Beginning as a frame tale and moving into a first-person narrative and finally returning to the cruiser to end the frame is extremely powerful in conveying the meanings of Heart of Darkness. The frame introduces a separation in time that is ultimately gapped in the closing portions of the story. The gapping of the separation is important to conclude that the meanings are not simply applicable only to those of a certain place at a certain time. The meanings of the title span all geographical limits as well as all bounds of time. The main part of the context being told in the first-person by Marlow is also instrumental in conveying exactly what the author means. Marlows interpretation of things and impressions of places and people contribute to the perception of the reader, who is bound by what he is told. To be told the story in an omniscient point of view, for example, may give the reader too much freedom to interpret the symbolic nature of the title, possibly perverting it into something not intended by the author. The first person also includes the changes and enlightenments undergone by Marlow. These too are important to the significance of the title. .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf , .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf .postImageUrl , .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf , .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf:hover , .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf:visited , .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf:active { border:0!important; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf:active , .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua7a145ffb89526a0664179b84742cebf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Yom Kippur War EssayThe title of a book can either add to or take away from the overall meaning of a book, and even then, the significance of the title may only be fully realized after one is completed with the work. Joseph Conrads choice of Heart of Darkness is shown to be one that adds and important meaning to the story as it is developed through the writers use of contrast, repetition and point of view. Bibliography:

Exploring the Substance Abuse Treatment Programs

Abstract This research paper establishes that the problem of substance abuse in the female sex is increasing in most parts of the world. The trend is worrying. Some of the policy changes discussed include the use of specialized care providers, provision of care in the society, and the establishment of more women-specific rehabilitation centers. Issues concerning the course and nature of substance abuse, addiction, recovery, and relapse among this population of female substance abusers have also been discussed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Exploring the Substance Abuse Treatment Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various evidence-based approaches to treating substance abuse and addiction in various settings in the selected target population will be tackled in the research paper. The context of a changing health care environment for women substance abusers will also be highlighted. Important ther apies such as the nontraditional approaches of motivational therapy, solution-focused brief, and group therapies will take the center stage. SFGT emerges a futuristic treatment modality for women with substance abuse problems. Introduction Women are a special population of drug abusers. They provide a challenge to any group or individuals who are working towards their treatment. Like many states in the US, the state of Florida is one of the most affected with the problem of drug abuse among women. The impacts of substance abuse are relatively similar to those in the male population. However, this group of substance abusers also faces special challenges. Therefore, it is important to examine the impact of substance abuse on this population and its recovery at an individual (micro) and systems (macro) level. This research paper looks at substance abuse in women, evidence-based approaches to the provision of treatment services for them, and any historical and current policy issues that may have prevented or supported treatment-service delivery to this client group. Relevant Policy Issues Policies addressing the treatment of substance abuse in women with substance abuse problem have been developed from many research findings. The treatment of the special client group is mostly similar to the male colleagues, although there are few variations in the policies. Zarkin, Dunlap, and Homsi (2004) looked at some of the substance abuse services cost analysis programs (SASCAP) and some of the major policies in the management of substance abuse. Some of the policy changes include the allocation of scarce drug abuse treatment dollars (Zarkin, Dunlap, Homsi, 2004). A major policy is the establishment of the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), which is responsible for the treatment of drug abusers. Grella and Greenwell (2004) and Cowan, Deering, Crowe, Sellman, Futterman-Collier, and Adamson (2003) report a considerable increase in the number of women abusing drugs i n the United States.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Grella and Greenwell (2004) noted that non-specialized and mixed gender individuals mostly managed the treatment programs that were in place. However, they were less likely to address the problems of this group of clients. Most of the women who abuse drugs are also treated as outpatients, hence corresponding to treatment for other groups of drug abusers. Some of the challenges include the existence of few facilities that are dedicated to the treatment of substance dependence in women only. As Grella and Greenwell (2004) state, the women-only providers were more concentrated in the residential facilities. Even though these facilities provide advanced care to the women who are known to be drug abusers, they make up only a small proportion of the treatment system. However, over the past few years, there has been growing attention to the treatment programs for the women drug abusers globally, especially in the US. Some of the policies that have positively affected funding of programs for treatment of women with the problem include the federal block grant, initiation of projects that are federally funded, and the â€Å"women’s set-aside† (Grella, Greenwell, 2004, p. 378). The state of Florida has a treatment program for drug abusers. However, the number of women-specific facilities is still small. The program in place in this region is the Substance Abuse and Mental Health (SAMH) program, which operates within the Florida Department of Children and Families (DCF). It is the single-state authority on substance abuse and mental health (Substance Abuse, 2014). The region also has a treatment and referral system for drug abusers in accordance with the national policy on drug abuse. The US Department of Health and Human Services, specifically the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s (SAMHSA), has a national drug and alcohol treatment referral service, which provides Spanish and English treatment programs for the residents for free and with assurance of confidentiality (Substance Abuse, 2014). Nature of Substance Abuse, Addiction, Recovery, and Relapse Substance abuse in women is a common problem as stated above, with millions being affected by the problem. The cause of the substance abuse is dependent on the individual factors and drug characteristics that the individual is abusing (Doweiko, 2008). Harmful drug abuse rarely occurs before teenage, with most of the abusers being over 15 years (McCollum, Trepper, Smock, 2003). The disorder or habit begins to increase with the increasing age, with a described peak being witnessed in the early 20s (Berg, Miller, 1992). In one of the population studies in the US, the prevalence of alcohol dependence was reported at 2% in people aged 12 to 17 years. The incidence was higher in 18- to 20â€⠀œyear-olds, standing at 12% (Grant, Stinson, Dawson, 2004a). The prevalence of dependence and abuse for the other groups that are older than 20 years is relatively smaller. It decreases with increased age.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Exploring the Substance Abuse Treatment Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Addiction and substance dependence among women substance abusers takes a course that is similar to other groups of dependence. Large proportions of women that are dependent in their 20s will remit later in their life, with some remaining addicted into their later ages (Thoits, 2010). Most of the women who remain dependent and addicted to the substances will develop a more chronic course (Cowan et al., 2003). They are likely to experience physical and psychological conditions that are associated with the condition. Women with limited social support and stability including being unemployed , without family, and housing are more likely to remain addicted for longer, with their recovery being dependent on these factors (Weiss, Griffin, Mirin, 1992). Stressful life experiences are a contributor to the problem of drug abuse among women since it influences the treatment course (Taylor, Biswas, Vaughn, 2012; Minkoff, 2013). Recovery among the population of women who are drug abusers is better in relation to their male counterparts since most of the drug abusers that seek help are the women group (Berg, Miller, 1992). The cases of relapse with treatment are common, especially in people who have abused the substance for long. One third of the treated cases of drug abuse are the women who are known to relapse in a 10-year period. A few of them continue to have the drug abuse problem for life (Russell, Gockel, 2005). Therefore, the treatment of drug abuse for the women group is dependent on the social support among other factors. Moreover, the recovery of women drug abusers is a function of factors such as social support, pre-morbid personality, and the environment in which they are located (Ruger, Abdalla, Luekens, Cottler, 2012). Women have a better recovery from drug abuse compared to their male counterparts. The understanding of this situation is due to the wider support they have and the ease of seeking help. The average period of recovery according to Berg and Miller (1992) is 3 years. However, this period varies among individuals. Relapse is common in women drug abusers. One third of those who undergo treatment are known to relapse. The treatment of patients without elimination of the predisposing conditions causes them to relapse to their previous state. The chances of treatment after relapse are considered to reduce. Women drug abusers who experience relapse mostly end up abusing drugs for life (Berg, Miller, 1992). The treatment of women drug abusers who relapse is different from first-time patients. Evidence-Based Treatment Approaches Evi dence-based substance abuse treatment approaches for the women population have undergone a change over the last few decades. Many studies have been conducted on the most effective methods of treatment, with their findings informing the approaches (Emmelkamp, Vedel, 2006).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Straussner (2012) is one of the researchers who looked at the evidence-based treatment modalities for substance abuse and the changes that this plan has undergone in history. The researcher states that one useful tool in the diagnosis and management of substance abuse is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMIV-TR), which has been useful in the management of all genders of substance abusers (Straussner, 2012). Treatment of substance abuse is mainly approached as an outpatient and inpatient approach. Rehabilitation is a major trend presently and in the past. Detoxification has largely been used, with substitution therapies being applied to treat the drug substance abusers (Straussner, 2012). Pharmacotherapy has been applied in most of the treatment modalities. In the treatment for alcohol dependence, some of the medications used include disulfuram and naltrexone (Straussner, 2012). Acamprosate is also a medication that has been tried with varying degrees of ef ficiency in reducing alcohol abuse in the general population and in women. Behavioral therapies constitute the other evidence-based method of treating substance abuse in women. They have been used successfully in most of the patients in combination with other therapies (Straussner, 2012). According to Straussner (2012, p. 129), â€Å"Behavioral therapies help people engage in the treatment and recovery process, provide incentives to remain abstinent, modify their attitudes and behaviors related to substance abuse, and increase skills to handle stress and environmental cues that may trigger craving for AOD.† Cognitive behavior therapy is another method that is widely used in the management of substance use disorders in women. The technique teaches the affected persons on how to control their thoughts and modify the maladaptive beliefs and cognitive distortions that may be pushing them to the drug abuse (Straussner, 2012). Motivational enhancement therapy and the Twelve Step Fa cilitation Therapy (TSF) are widely applied therapies that form the basis of Alcoholic Anonymous and their treatment of substance abuse (Straussner, 2012). Harm reduction is another of the models that have been used in the management of substance abuse. It originated in Europe with the adoption in the US in the late 80s to prevent the transmission of HIV among substance abusers (Straussner, 2012). Family-focused treatments have also been found to be important in the management of substance abusers. Current Substance Abuse Treatment System Traditionally, the treatment of substance abuse in the female population of patients was similar to that of male patients. Evidence provided in this essay, especially in the reviewed literature, suggests that the treatment of this special group of clients is mainly effective if they are treated in their own specialized facility (Knight, Logan, Simpson, 2001). The researchers state, â€Å"clients who receive services targeted toward their specific needs are more likely to complete treatment and that they have better outcomes at follow-up† (Knight, Logan, Simpson, 2001, p. 11). Specialized facilities for the provision of treatment for women that are known drug abusers have increased, with an on-going training for more specialists who will cater for the individual needs of this class of patients in this changing environment. The current management of substance abuse is more focused on the institution of care at the community level, with patients being managed at their homes and in the society. The measures are more effective in the current management of substance abuse in women, as it incorporates some of the social stressors that may be contributing to their substance abuse (Berg, Miller, 1992; Mott Gysin, 2003). In the changing environment of care for groups with special needs, women with substance abuse problems are more affected by changes in the health context. The current substance abuse treatment system is also focused on influencing the psychiatric and social effects of the substance abuse, with a wide use of group therapies as discussed below. Group Therapies Heather (2005) explored addictions in the context of being disorders in motivation. He suggested that motivational therapy is an effective measure in management. According to Heather (2005), the use of motivational interviewing presents a good way of dealing with addiction. The previous trials and use of the same have proved to be effective. Motivational therapy is done to patients to encourage and motivate them to relinquish their substance abuse habits. They are first motivated to have a change in attitude. Motivational enhancement therapy has been used in the management of alcohol abuse disorder with considerable success in combination with other therapies. The treatment modalities that are combined with motivational therapy require the patient to be motivated to proceed with any treatment, and thus the increased efficiency and efficacy (Berg, Miller, 1992). Smock, Trepper, Wetchler, McCollum, Ray, and Pierce (2008) looked at the efficacy of the solution-focused group therapy in the management of substance use disorders. The efficacy of the SFGT was remarkable in the study. Treatment of the drug abusers was successful in most of the instances in the study (Smock et al., 2008). However, the research was focused on the treatment of substance abuse in level-1 substance abusers. Patients who received either SFGT or the traditional treatment approach were reported to improve on either treatment (Smock et al., 2008). Nonetheless, significant improvement was noted in patients who were treated using the SFGT. The researchers concluded that the treatment of substance abuse in patients who are known substance abusers has to take that approach (Smock et al., 2008). The approach of using SFGT, which is a resiliency-based approach, is gaining popularity among clinicians treating substance abuse in health facilities. T he approach provides a feasible method of treatment of the same in any women-specific treatment programs. The popularity in the use also means that clinicians have faith in the method and that they have documented improved outcomes with treatment. The modalities will likely enhance treatment in the current health care environment, with more patients receiving direct care. Group therapies are more concerned with the treatment of individuals with similar conditions. They are tailor-made to the needs of the unique groups. Very few group therapies deal with the treatment of women who are diagnosed with substance abuse disorders. There should be more attempts to increase the number of women receiving this specialized care (Berg, Miller, 1992). The above-discussed modalities in the treatment of substance abuse in women might enhance the current health care environment. The insurance coverage for women drug abusers is a significant part of the changing health environment. Many organizatio ns offer insurance coverage for such patients. This accessibility reduces the cost of treatment for women drug abusers. Patients that are not already insured should be put in the insurance programs to reduce their treatment costs. It is important to note that most organizations involved in the treatment of women drug abusers charge for these services. This observation is one of the factors that cause those affected not to seek treatment. In the state of Florida, the number of women drug abusers is significantly dropping. This finding can be attributed to the rise of many organizations offering women-specific rehabilitation services. Conclusion and Recommendations In conclusion, the course and nature of substance abuse, addiction, recovery, and relapse among this population of women substance abusers has also been discussed. Various evidence-based approaches to treating substance abuse and addiction in various settings in the selected target population have also been discussed. Recom mendations in the management of substance abuse disorder in women are possible from the above research. The future management of the problem needs to be taken in the social setting of patients to ensure that the problems causing them to engage in substance abuse are tackled. The research establishes that poor social support for the patients often ends up complicating their management, with most of patients with poor support structures ending up with relapse. The management also needs to take a more specialized approach where structures are set to ensure that the facilities taking care of women with substance abuse disorders are treated by a specialized team of practitioners. The client group has established special needs that may be overlooked by the general practitioners who handle other needs in the society. The other recommendation is that there needs to be education that is more consistent to the public on the effects of substance abuse, with special focus on the specific effect s that the client group may experience. The education needs to be in the form of campaigns where the bodies established to deal with the problem of drug abuse constantly engage in the reduction of the main predisposing factors to the problem. The other recommendation is that treatment modalities discussed in the paper such as SFGT should be widely applied in the management of women who are drug abusers. The use of these modalities will lead to increased success in the management of patients since they present a better success rate. There is also need to carry out more research on the best methods of intervention for this group since there are more knowledge gaps, with the issue continuing to dominate in many parts of the world. Reference List Berg, K., Miller, S. (1992). Working with the Problem Drinker: A Solution-Focused Approach. New York, NY: W. W. Norton. Cowan, L., Deering, D., Crowe, M., Sellman, D., Futterman-Collier, A., Adamson, S. (2003). Alcohol and drug treatment for women: Clinicians’ beliefs and practice. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 12(1), 48-55. Doweiko, E. (2008). Concepts of Chemical Dependency. London: Cengage Learning. Emmelkamp, M., Vedel, E. (2006). Evidence-based treatment for alcohol and drug abuse: A practitioner’s guide to theory, methods, and practice. New York, NY: Routledge. Grant, F., Stinson, S., Dawson, A. (2004a). Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(1), 807–816. Grella, C., Greenwell, L. (2004). Substance Abuse Treatment for Women: Changes in the Settings Where Women Received Treatment and Types of Services, Journal of Behavioral Health Services Research, 31(4), 367-383. Heather, N. (2005). Motivational interviewing: Is it all our clients need? Addiction Research and Theory, 13(1), 1-18. Knight, D., Logan , S., Simpson, D. (2001). Predictors of program completion for women in residential substance abuse treatment. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 27(1), 1-18. McCollum, E., Trepper, T., Smock, S. (2003). Solution-Focused Group Therapy for Substance Abuse: Extending Competency-Based Models. Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 14(4), 27-42. Minkoff, K. (2013, April 19). Treating Comorbid Psychiatric Substance Use Disorder. Psychiatric Times, pp. 1-10. Mott, S., Gysin, T. (2003). Post-Modern Ideas in Substance Abuse Treatment. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 3(3), 3-19. Ruger, J., Abdalla, A., Luekens, J., Cottler, L. (2012). Cost-Effectiveness of Peer-Delivered Interventions for Cocaine and Alcohol Abuse among Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One, 7(3), 1-12. Russell, M., Gockel, A. (2005). Recovery Processes in a Treatment Program for Women. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 5(4), 27-45. Smock, S., Trepper, T., Wetchler, J., McCollum, E., Ray, R., Pierce, K. (2008). Solution-Focused Group Therapy for Level 1 Substance Abusers. Journal of marital and family therapy, 34(1), 107-120. Straussner, A. (2012). Clinical Treatment of Substance Abusers: Past, Present and Future. Clin Soc Work J, 40(1), 127-133. Taylor, D., Biswas, B., Vaughn, M. 2012). Incremental Validity of Stressful Life Experiences in Predicting Psychiatric Comorbidity Among Women in Substance Abuse Treatment Rebecca. Journal of Social Service Research, 38(1), 382–391. Thoits, A. (2010). Stress and health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(1), S41–S53. Weiss, D., Griffin, L., Mirin, M. (1992). Drug abuse as self-medication for depression: An empirical study. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 18(2), 121–129. Zarkin, A., Dunlap, J., Homsi, G. (2004). The substance abuse services cost analysis program (SASCAP): a new method for estimating drug treatment services costs. Evaluation and Program Planning, 27(1), 35– 43. This research paper on Exploring the Substance Abuse Treatment Programs was written and submitted by user Braxton House to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.